The Basic Set Up Of Poetry - 1445 Words

Lesson 1 and 2 I started by teaching the basic set up of poetry. I taught them how to identify a stanza. I also identified the name of a two-line stanza and a four-line stanza. We also discussed the difference between perfect, near, and eye rhyme. I then had them to create a quatrain poem rhyming lines one and three, and two and four. I allowed the students to use a rhyming dictionary on poetry4kids.com. Lesson 3 I began the lesson by reading a poem titled â€Å"maggie and milly and molly and may†. We looked at how alliteration was used in the poem. We also discussed the different types of rhymes that were used in the poem. I also had them to work together as a class and identify the rhyme scheme of the poem. I ended the lesson by†¦show more content†¦They did not name either objects in their poems and the class had to guess what the objects were. Lesson 6 I opened this lesson by defining narrative poetry. We used â€Å"popcorn reading† to read the â€Å"Highwayman†. To determine if this poem was a narrative poem or not I had the students to complete a plot chart while we were reading the poem. After we read the poem, I placed the plot chart on the smartboard and we filled it out as a class. We were able to determine the poem did follow the plot chart, therefore it was a narrative poem. To complete the lesson, I had the students to rewrite the story from â€Å"Tim’s† point of view. Lesson 7 I started this lesson by defining tone. I then placed famous paintings on the smartboard and how the students write the tone of the paintings on a whiteboard and hold them up. We then watched movie trailers of a few Walt Disney movies. I had them to identify the tone. I then found the horror version of the same movie trailers and we discussed how the tone changed. We read â€Å"Madam and the Rent Man†. I read the poem in a very specific tone of voice. I had the students to identify the tone of the poem. I then had a few different students to read the poem in different tones. We discussed how the tone could be altered just by changing the way you read it. I then had the students to complete a mid-point quiz to see how they were

The Importance Of Globalization - 838 Words

The continuing growth and advancement of globalization has increased the frequency and ways in which countries are able to interact on economic, political, social, and cultural scales. Trade between countries, which has been a key aspect of globalization from its beginning, works as a way to fuel the economies of the countries involved as well as strengthen and/or harbor the political relations between them. This allows people from different countries all around the world to have similar experiences as well as an access to a variety of the same resources that would not be possible without an interconnectedness between them. Globalization, for its different aspects, has both its fans and its critics, who will argue either for or against†¦show more content†¦if Apple’s headquarters are in the United States but they outsource to China, they are taking jobs away from Americans). This viewpoint can often cause people to become resentful against the country they perceive as â€Å"stealing their jobs†, especially if they themselves have had a hard time finding work or have gone through a long period of unemployment. This resentfulness, however misplaced, leads to dangerous behavior such as racism and xenophobia. This unfortunate outcome of globalization is something that was expressed heavily during the recent 2016 election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump (as well as early on in his campaign), and continues to flourish after the regrettable inauguration of the latter. The bulk of Trump’s campaign was an attempt to pit the American people against others (as well as themselves with the racist ideologies he proposes). Trump claimed that the outsourcing of jobs from companies in the United States to other countries (according to him, mainly Mexico) was America’s biggest problem, even though his own and his family’s companies do the same thing on a large scale without fault. Though they are American companies that are doing the outsourcing and, therefore, the process that Trump and his supporters want to be destroyed, the blame is constantly put on the country/countries that receive the business, even though their people need jobs too. Continuously calling out Mexic o for â€Å"stealing our jobs† (andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Globalization907 Words   |  4 Pagesdo as romans do† refers to the importance to adapt to the customs or behavior of a different culture or society. In this time of globalization, businesses more than ever must apply this rule. Now, boundaries are eliminated between countries and new opportunities are born. Company enters new countries, moreover, multinational emerges and ultimately evolves to a global posture. It’s becoming part of our life. Every day, we experience various products of globalization. We communicate with friends andRead MoreThe Importance of Globalization1555 Words   |  7 PagesUsing 1997 financial crisis and other examples, discuss how globalization is important to the modern business journalism. Introduction As we know, the Internet has a great contribution to globalisation. At the same time, globalisation shows its impact on economy and culture. Held and McGrew rightly defined globalsation is â€Å"[†¦] a widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporaryRead MoreThe Importance Of Globalization850 Words   |  4 Pagestaking this course, I was curious about the movement of cultural aspects throughout the world. Globalization is more complex than just the spreading of culture but is the idea of global evolution and growth in a positive direction while highlighting and addressing global issues. Globalization is often defined as the expansion of interactions of people through the flow of ideas, culture, and wealth. Globalization influences global, regional, and national policy as well as democracy, education, and humanRead MoreThe Importance Of Globalization1122 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is important to understand in order to determine what worked in the past and can be successful again in the future. Our many cultures, ideals and growing technology form together to create an extremely global world. We use products that were made on the other side of the world, and are taxed on practically everything. Whether the effects of our global society is good or bad, there’s no doubt that the world is constantly changing and impacting our livelihoods, so we must adapt accordinglyRead MoreThe Importance Of Globalization1486 Words   |  6 PagesDear old friend, it has come to my attention that we have a great epidemic on our hands! Globalization is the next step in the evolution of information, and let me be clear: it is a great step forward in connecting the world, but it will have its detriments to society as well. I believe the digital age has provided the world with unparalleled access to data and history, as well as the ability to communicate in an instance. This leads to growth in many aspects o f everyday life including both, socialRead MoreThe Importance Of Globalization1892 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization should be defended and extended. Globalization allows for the free movement of people (e.g. migration and remittances), fosters economic prosperity and growth (e.g. flow of capital and trade), and helps bring structure to international politics and support to states (e.g. United Nations and the World Trade Organization). I will argue that while the defense and expansion of globalization benefits the entire global community, the more powerful states will benefit the most. The organizationRead MoreThe Importance Of Economic Globalization704 Words   |  3 Pagesmaximum extent under the current conditions. Economic globalization can bring about the most advantageous conditions for production, sell in the most favorable market, achieve the optimal monetary development in the world, improve economic efficiency and make the commodities more in line with consumers needs. Second, to promote and strengthen the development and competitiveness of the international division of labor. Economic globalization has promoted the continuous expansion of the world marketRead MoreThe Importance Of Economic Globalization1583 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization, which is the process of nations, group, and organizations spreading their influence internationally, affects every citizen of the modern world daily. Without realizing it consumers contribute to economic globalization by purchasing products from transnational corporations, every single day. The source takes an opinion against globalization, specifically economic globalization. Which is the interdependence that economies across the world rely on each other to continue and prosperRead More The Importance of Globalization Essay830 Words   |  4 Pages In recent years, terms such as â€Å"Global community,† â€Å"globalization,† and â€Å"global awareness† have seemed to roll off the tongues of every newscaster, advertiser, and politician with such ease that the popular phrases have nearly become clichà ©. With the Internet now possessing a rather prominent role in life and with communications faster than ever, it would seem the world’s rapid progress toward international relations necessitates such terminology. However, in America, these optimistic clichà ©s possessRead MoreImportance of Globalization in Hospitality1346 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion- Critically analyse the relevance and utility of globalization for the international hospitality industry. In the recent years hospitality industry over the years has expanded their business all around the world. Big hotel chains such as Marriott’s and Accor group are opening their hotels in developing countries such as India, Singapore etc. The process of globalization has played a major role in expanding their profits and laying their business across their own boundaries. Majority countries

The Changes in Law Enforcement free essay sample

All together law enforcement has changed, but few see the drastic changes that have happened. Everyday, police and sheriffs are working to keep the people in their community safe. With improved technological advances and social changes, police and sheriffs are keeping a closer eye on things today. For example, improved weapons such as tasers have helped keep suspects safe, computers in police cruisers allow instant access of information of individuals. Other social changes, such as women allowed to join the police forces have helped law enforcement a lot with domestic violence cases because they are calmer then most men. No matter what happens police and the sheriffs will be there to protect and serve their community everyday of the year, both nighttime and daytime; crime never sleeps and neither does law enforcement. Police have been a part of society for many years. However, â€Å"police as we know them today – an armed force maintained by the state to perform the functions and paid a salary rather than a share of fines – are a rather recent phenomenon† (Miller). We will write a custom essay sample on The Changes in Law Enforcement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Police forces were formed in all major US cities during the latter half of the nineteenth century† (Miller). According to Miller, police in the United States developed â€Å"†¦from the British tradition†. Like in London, police duties were limited to patrolling and gradually increased into investigation. Police should have been established earlier then the nineteenth century but society may have not been ready for it. â€Å"At the time of their founding, the police were viewed not as an out-growth of the state’s ability to make law but as a manifestation of its ability to use violence† (Miller). Most people today say that wasn’t the reason why society created the police. Law Enforcement has its purpose in society. â€Å"The purpose of Law Enforcement is to prevent, interdict, and investigate crimes and prosecute criminals† (Miller). One of the key duties of any police department is to deter crime by visible presence. â€Å"Over time, however, investigating and solving crimes has evolved into one of the most important functions of the police† (Miller). If police do not prosecute the criminals, then the criminals will continue to run the streets causing havoc and putting innocent people in danger. The investigation of crimes has not changed since the rise of the police in the mid nineteenth century, but the way in which they go about it has changed a great deal† (Miller). With the use of fingerprints, DNA and video surveillance, it is now easier to identify the suspects. â€Å"Once a suspect has been identified, the police must supply the state†™s attorney with sufficient evidence to prove the suspects guilt† (Miller). This helps to ensure that the correct person is prosecuted. Even today laws are being enforced but eventually they will get broken. Law Enforcement has drastically changed throughout its creation in the year of 1667. â€Å"Law Enforcement officers are facing a tougher environment today interacting with a greater diversity of people of many cultures, faiths, race and lifestyles† (St. Hilaire). People need to realize that the police are here to help them no matter what they believe in. â€Å"As many officers have experienced recently that we as a profession are receiving the frustrations of the public over many issues including hatred of our government† (St. Hilaire). Just because the government is not perfect does not mean that police do not want to help the public. â€Å"Some changes we may not have control over like shift schedules, assignments, the color of the uniform shirt and the outcome of other’s actions† (St. Hilaire). Obviously, the government cannot control what a police station does because if they change something it can put everything out of order. With everything that has happened, Law Enforcement has made itself worthy of serving the community. Another key change in Law Enforcement is the use of force. The Rodney King incident brought into question the use of force by law enforcement. â€Å"The King affair transformed basic practices of policing, not just in Los Angeles but across the country† (Deutsch). Many of the changes had been needed for years, but were never addressed. â€Å"The king beating and trial set in motion overdue reforms in the LAPD and that had a ripple effect of law enforcement throughout the country† (Deutsch). Since this had such a major effect on the lapd in almost destroyed their reputation. The Rodney King beating almost destroyed the reputation of the Los Angeles Police Department. In the aftermath of the Rodney king beating a lot of things changed with police on the field. â€Å"In the wake of the Rodney king case; cameras became standard equipment in patrol cars all over the nation† (Marcou). In doing this police now cannot cover up an incident that they were a part of. â€Å"As far as citizens recording police, there is still much disagreement about how it should be handled† (Marcou). Nowhere in the constitution does it say the citizens cannot film stuff that is happening outside their house. â€Å"When it comes to training, officers are told â€Å"have your camera going at all times.

Proper Waste Disposal Essay Example

Proper Waste Disposal Paper Very special thanks to my fellow classmates who have been readers to my research paper and who have pointed Out my mistakes. Would like to thank them for exchanging ideas with me and for helping me deal with the arduous publishing process of paper. I doubt that I wont be able to express my appreciation to them fully, but I owe them all my gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge my friends for being the ones who have motivated me to develop focus, as well as self confidence. Without their support and understanding, I would not have accomplished this research paper. Lastly, I must acknowledge my beloved teacher, Ms. Nancy Ramose, for being the greatest help would ever need in this research. Without her skills and assistance in writing this, wont be able to finish this research. And without her, this research wouldnt have been made possible. Abstract Improper ways of disposing are common nowadays. Therefore, researches about proper waste disposal and waste management are of great interest. This study shows how the collection, transport, processing, recycling, and monitoring of waste materials can be as important as can be. Its immediate objective is to inform the readers, the community, and the society about how properly disposing our waste materials can change lives. To come up with a research output, some books were used as a good source of materials and some people who worked for the governments waste management had been interviewed. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, observation of wastes all around Metro Manila had been done for a good source of evidence of whether or not people dispose their wastes properly. As a result, the knowledge of waste disposal will be imparted not just to any special figure or anyone who works for the government management, but also to any citizen, may it be a student or a teacher, or a parent or a child, just like you. L, therefore, conclude that it is important and beneficial for everyone to know how to dispose their wastes properly contribute to the improvement of our Mother Nature. Hopefully, this may be of good use to better understand how our wastes affect our atmosphere greatly. Introduction In the early pre-industrial times, wastes compose of ashes from fires, bones, bodies, and vegetable wastes. They are disposed underground( serve as compost and contribute to the soils improvement. But only amounts of ash, broken tools, and pottery were excavated by the archeological digs. Everything was repaired and reused and population smaller before. The change from nomadic hunter-gatherer to farmer that wastes could no longer be left behind. Because waste could no LLC left behind, it had become a big issue. Reusing and recycling became everyday routine since the industrial revolution, wherein materials be more available than labor. There was a reuse system of bronze scrap operation 4000 years ago in Europe where they discovered that com started in China. Reusing and recycling is widely recognized in the for salvage, the usual tradition until the Rag-and-Bone men. Conventional salvaged materials included leather, feathers, and textiles. Feeding eve wastes to farm animals is also considered as a form of recycling, and as using green wastes as fertilizers. Soon after, some activities for improvements Were done such as the melting down and re-casting of the salvaging of timber, etc. But as the populations in cities had incur space for disposal had decreased. And because of that, societies had developed waste disposal systems. Proper waste disposal reduces HTH of waste into the atmosphere by observing the proper methods of dif Because improper disposal of our wastes imposes cost on others, WA disposal has been a big political issue. Dirty disposal methods such a: dumping are big problems nowadays. Though the easiest among any method, it creates health risks for the public. Waste disposal was not observed and monitored properly; therefore, everyone must comply methods used in order to achieve environmental advantages. Achieve awareness in proper waste disposal is important to lessen the waste dispose improperly. Proper Waste Disposal Essay Example Proper Waste Disposal Paper Review of related literature While elements of disaster preparedness have long been a social adjustment to environmental hazards, both the art and science of disaster preparedness are relatively new courses of study in business, non-profit, government, and academic sectors (Fox, 2006). As with any new course of study, the beginnings of established practice will have inherent weaknesses and areas for improvement. To date, a multitude of issues that should be addressed by stakeholders have been introduced. Some of the issues pertain to 1 1 problems created by the theoretical aspects of disaster preparedness, while there relate to the practice and application. Some of these issues have been resolved, while others have been neglected or ignored. John Twig of Benefited Gregg Hazard Research Centre, University College London, presented eighteen disciplinary and institutional groups involved in disaster reduction during his presentation at the International Conference on Climate Change and Disaster Preparedness (2002). Each of these eighteen groups represents broad stakeholder classifications and can be further divided by disciplinary and institutional boundaries (Twig 2002). The many factions of independent researchers and stakeholders can complicate advancements where collaboration is an essential aspect. Cooperation and collaboration tends to lag when groups vie over limited available funding and strive to become the premier group of its respective area. Each discipline and organization involved takes its own approach to disaster preparedness, tailoring its metrics, data, works, and products to its specific needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Waste Disposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, however, there is a lack of uniformity of data, which further decreases the potential for cooperation among the stakeholders. The lack of cross-compatibility also affects the consistency of the language, as functions are aligned with organizational needs (Circumscribe, 2002). Definitions are created that take on additional characteristics to make them more appealing to social, business, academic, or other groups. The variance in taxonomies makes it difficult to extract a particular topic, such as disaster preparedness, from the existing literature. Many authors use such terminology as disaster preparedness, hazard mitigation, and disaster reduction interchangeably where each term could be perceived as distinctive. Other 12 authors provide definitions that may suffice for one field, but would be monumentally inadequate in another. Examining the existing definitions of disaster preparedness demonstrates this point. The literature does not provide a definition Of disaster preparedness the way that a dictionary might. Instead, the literature states what disaster preparedness entails from the perspective of the authors. If taken literally, disaster preparedness would mean being satisfactorily prepared for a catastrophic event. However, a sufficient definition of disaster preparedness would also need to include ways in which persons and organizations can be satisfactorily prepared for such a circumstance. It is in this way that definitions of disaster preparedness can be extracted from the literature. Several authors touch on potential definitions of disaster preparedness. Many of the definitions contain a piece of the meaning, without stating precisely what disaster preparedness should contain wholly. Christofis, Mitchell, and Licensed emphasize the importance of including efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of disaster response as a central goal of disaster preparedness (2001 The development of local response, such as early warning systems, is also a central part of assister preparedness (Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2005). McIntyre, Twig, and the United Nations Development Programmer all have definitions with similar attributes, but add their own spin on disaster preparedness. The United Nations Development Programmer views hazard mitigation as a core resource of disaster preparedness, but also includes planning in its descriptions (2004). McIntyre and Twig also view hazard mitigation as critical to disaster preparedness, stating that it should either coincide with disaster preparedness or be a part of it (McIntyre, 2003 and 13 Twig, 2002). McIntyre continues by addresses other factors that may define disaster preparedness: it is a function of local government and it includes hazard and vulnerability assessments. Other elements of disaster preparedness are less emphasized in the literature, but equally as important. Caddish and Hussein stress education as one of the best media to prepare a community for disasters (2005). Individual levels of disaster preparedness are also discussed. This level includes preparing households through such means as emergency plans, securing heavy furniture to walls, and storing DOD, and through building inventories of stored food and equipment (Paton, Smith, Johnston, 2003 and Assemblies, 2001 ). When examining the examples of what disaster preparedness entails according to the above authors and organizations, it becomes evident that the definition of disaster preparedness is loose and evolving. Disaster preparedness involves preparedness on personal, community, and national levels; it includes elements of both a private and public nature; and it is intertwined with hazard mitigation and vulnerability and requires each to be accurately assessed. The inextricably of the terminology, as well as the lack of a common vocabulary among professions, is another Of the great challenges facing policy makers. Several attempts have been made at creating universal definitions for the various terms of hazard research, but the lack of cooperation in and among the varying fields has thwarted these attempts. In addition, the general acceptance of using the terms interchangeably has discouraged further efforts to separate the terms different meanings. The terminology of hazards research remains confusing and vague. Without agreement on the definitions, 14 assister preparedness study and experimentation will remain relatively unproductive (Gillespie Street, 1987). The development of an emergency management planning model of wide applicability is another issue that should be addressed by the disaster preparedness community. The premier models of emergency planning began from military models of command and control designed to handle enemy attacks and other non-civilian emergencies (Dynes, 1994). More recently, empirical and pragmatic models of emergency planning for civilian emergencies have been developed, but none of them have been accepted wholesale by the disaster preparedness immunity. Emergency planning paradigms for disaster resistant communities, disaster resilient communities, sustainable development, and sustainable hazard mitigation have provided stepping stones for a comprehensive emergency management plan (McIntyre, Fuller, Johnston, Weber, 2002). The preceding brings to light some of the pressing problems with the theoretical development of disaster preparedness and disaster preparedness community synthesis. The aforementioned issues are not an exhaustive list of issues in the development of disaster preparedness theory, but do highlight securing themes in the literature. The following set of issues emphasize the problems associated with disaster preparedness policy and practice. Rapid arbitration is the center of several pressing issues in the practice of disaster preparedness. Several sources have noted the decennial increases in city populations, not only in the United States, but globally. One needs only observe the mega-city phenomenon of the last century to understand current population trends. City 15 growth is consistently on the rise in both developed and developing countries, and often in risk prone locations. The world is quickly becoming more urban (Boil, overlooks, palm, 1997). Urban areas are attractive because they offer their inhabitants many benefits not available in non-urban areas: accessible medical facilities, markets, public transportation, various types of employment, and a variety of people and experiences. These benefits draw people to cities, creating greater urban densities, and inadvertently making them more hazardous places to live. The sheer population, masses of infrastructure, and material assets of an urban area provide increasing opportunities for common natural events to eave disastrous consequences (Munich Re Group, 2004). Urban areas place a large number of people, infrastructure, and capital enterprises into a small geographic area, increasing the potential for an ordinary natural event to become one that is exceedingly large and costly. In addition to hosting large populations, complex infrastructure, and large capital enterprises, urban areas are generally the regional centers of politics, economics, and technology. As financial leaders, urban areas often develop complex market relationships with other urban areas around the world. Thus, if an urban area is affected by a disaster, adjacent urban areas also suffer. The complex relationships between urban centers and its partners can cost billions of dollars in lost business, damaged products, delayed transactions, and missed work hours, in addition to the direct damages to people and infrastructure. Therefore, when urban areas are adversely affected by natural disasters, there are internal and external costs that can have global consequences. Another problem is that the plight of urban areas is so noticeable and affects so many people that it draws attention from smaller, non-urban populations. The majority of 16 he time and effort in disaster preparedness is focused on solving preparedness issues for urban areas, leaving those who choose to remain in non-urban areas more vulnerable. Non-urban areas, although smaller in size, population, and infrastructure, lack the resiliency to recover when a disaster strikes. The lack of available assets, resources, and capital can make it very difficult for a non-urban area to recover from even isolated natural events. While urban areas present many problems for the disaster preparedness community, there are other issues that should be addressed. An additional policy and practice issue is identifying and protecting vulnerable populations. Corgis and Emerson define vulnerability as A condition wherein human settlements or buildings are threatened by virtue of their proximity to a hazard, the quality of their construction, or both. Degree of loss (from O percent to 1 00 percent) resulting from a potential damaging phenomenon. The ability to correctly identify vulnerable population locations, characteristics, and special needs is a central issue in disaster preparedness. A discussion of vulnerable populations is difficult because, to some degree, all populations are vulnerable. However, there are certain factors that can be identified as playing a critical role in creating vulnerable populations. The following will examine what we know about vulnerable populations and what we can do to improve preparedness for vulnerable populations. Each individual within a population is made vulnerable by a variety of personal factors, some of which cannot be controlled and some of which may be controlled. There are several factors that contribute to vulnerability that cannot be controlled. For example, the age of an individual is an uncontrollable potential vulnerability. Those persons that are young and elderly have a higher vulnerability than those who are middle-aged adults 17 (the phrase middle-aged adults suggests those people that are neither young nor elderly, but are in-between such life stages). Young and old people may not be as mentally capable of processing information as middle-aged adults, as strong as middle-aged adults, and may be completely or partially dependent on middle-aged adults to care for them. Mentally or physically handicapped persons are more vulnerable than persons in good mental and physical health. The mentally and physically handicapped have special acquirement and needs that may require another person to help them when those requirements and needs are not accessible. In addition to those uncontrollable personal vulnerability factors, there are factors that may be controllable that can make an individual vulnerable. For example, a lack of preparation for disasters can make a person more vulnerable than those that have prepared. Saving cash, storing clean water, creating food and tool caches, and developing emergency plans on an individual level all contribute to reducing a persons vulnerability to disaster. Furthering education as much as possible also reduces a persons limitability. The more highly educated a person is, the less vulnerable they become. Improving physical fitness is also an excellent way to reduce a persons vulnerability. In most instances, a person has some degree Of control over these issues, although they can be restricted. This is why these vulnerability factors may be controllable for some, but not for others. Identifying other factors that contribute to vulnerable populations requires examining socio-economic status, location, and social structure. Perhaps the most condemning vulnerability causing factor is socio-economic status. This can be viewed in one of two ways; as a characteristic of a population or as 18 characteristic of a nation. Socio-economic status as a characteristic of a population creates vulnerability in the poor faction of the population. Vulnerability in poor populations manifests in several ways. First, poor populations do not have the financial support that the wealthy do, making it more difficult for them to prepare for, endure, and recover from disaster. Access to assets and entitlements in a pre and post disaster situation are critical to preparation for the disaster, protecting self and property, and in covering from disaster. The availability of cash and savings, as well as access to entitlements such as insurance, stocks, and bonds, is often reserved for those who can afford them. Poor populations are often excluded from assets and entitlements because they lack the capacity to gain them. Therefore, the losses incurred as a result of a disaster can be absolute losses for poor populations. Second, poor populations often locate in unsafe areas. Some poor populations locate on ancestral grounds that are prone to a particular disaster, but refuse to move because of the connection to their heritage. Other poor populations locate in or on floodplains, riverbanks, Steep slopes, reclaimed land, and highly populated settlements of flimsy shanty towns (Corgis Emerson). In some cases, such as locating on ancestral lands, the population chooses to live in a more vulnerable area. In other cases, the poor locate where they do because they are claiming the cheaper lands that the more wealthy population has discarded. And still in other cases, the poor are forced to live in a particular area by inability to afford to move or by force. Whether by choice, lack of choice, or by force, poor populations typically live n areas that are more prone to disaster. The lands that are readily available to them are the lands that belong to them by 19 ancestral rite and the lands that people with a choice have not chosen; these are the lands that flood, easily erode, are toxic, are dangerous to live on, etc. Third, poor populations lack the resources to construct safe buildings and living structures. Many poor peoples homes are made out of such flimsy materials as mud, sticks, cardboard, plastic (or variant of plastic) paneling thin sheet metal, and paper. Such materials lack the quality necessary to withstand disasters and to protect the people within them. Socio-economic status as a characteristic of a nation creates further population vulnerabilities. The economic inequality between industrialized and developing countries has proven to be one method of demonstrating the effects of poverty on disaster impact. In fact, According to a statement by the relief organization Tearful, ninety-eight percent of those killed and affected by natural disasters come from developing countries, underlining the link between poverty and vulnerability (Corgis Emerson). A few problems in developing countries cause vulnerability to develop. First, over half the population in many developing countries is under the age of eighteen years old (Caddish Hussein, 2005). The lack of experience of such youthful populations, as well as adult dependence in some cases, makes these populations more vulnerable to disasters. Second, the fragile infrastructure of developing countries and the inability to support disaster preparedness projects financially also takes a toll on developing nations. Even disasters of a low magnitude can have extreme effects on ill prepared countries (Corgis Emerson). Lastly, developing countries contain a disproportionate number of concentrically challenged populations. All of the problems associated with these 20 populations, as previously discussed, further hinder the capacity of developing countries to reduce vulnerability. Another factor that contributes to vulnerability is location. By virtue of the proximity to certain known hazards, some countries are made more vulnerable than others. The physical layout of a settlement or country is a very important factor in determining its vulnerability. For example, countries located along the ocean are more prone to hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, and costal flooding than inland countries. Developments created along rivers area more vulnerable to floods and erosion. Places along the Ring of Fire can expect earthquakes to happen more frequently. Countries in the extreme north and extreme south are likely to have severe winter storms and heavy ice. By choosing to develop in areas with poor physical surroundings, populations can be made more vulnerable to hazards. Location also has an impact on vulnerability when applied to urban areas. Urban areas present a large part of the vulnerability stemming from location. Boll, Overlooks, and Palm examine nine points that make urban areas more alienable to disasters: hazardous exposure of the location, economic and political relevance, physical vulnerability, urban management capacity, dependence on infrastructure, density of the population, poverty, informal settlements, and ecological imbalance (1997). Each of these nine points is examined in-depth in their article Vulnerability Reduction for Sustainable Urban Development. The purpose of presenting these nine points is to emphasize that urban areas create vulnerability in a variety of ways; environment, development, and colonization all impact the vulnerability associated with urban areas. 1 Social structure also contributes to population vulnerability. The structure of a society can heavily influence vulnerable populations, either unintentionally or systematically. In one instance, reasonable thinking assumes that time and money will be well spent on identifying the disaster preparedness needs of the most people possible. Therefore, the majority population receives the most attention by the policy community and practitioners of disaster preparedness. However, this leads to inadequacies in protecting the minority populations, which usually need the most help. This diversion of resources awards the majority has unintentionally created a greater vulnerability in the minorities. In disaster planning, one often finds that those populations with the least social, political, and economic influence are the populations in the most danger when disasters occur (Wisher, Blaine, Cannon, Davis, 2003). In other cases, small factions of a population may be the population with the most political influence, economic power, or the population with the greatest social networks. In such circumstances, valuable disaster preparedness resources may be diverted away from the majority population and towards the more rueful few. In this way, the social structure has systematically excluded a population, enhancing their vulnerability. The preceding are two ways that vulnerable populations are created by the social system that surrounds them. Time, resources, and money are all used to reduce vulnerability to disasters. However, it is often the social system that dictates where time, resources, and money should be utilized. Therefore, a social system that is exclusive and constructed poorly may be more apt to create population vulnerability than a social system that is inclusive and well- constructed. The last major issue that should be highlighted as a policy and practice issue is convincing those with policy-making capabilities of the benefits of disaster preparedness. This has proven to be an exhausting task for the disaster preparedness community. Many reasons underlie this difficulty, some of which relate to internal disaster preparedness community problems already addressed. However, the primary difficulty in convincing policymakers that disaster preparedness works is that, like hazard mitigation, one is attempting to measure the absence of an event. In order to convince policymakers that disaster preparedness works, it would acclimate the process if one could show just how it has worked. Yet, if disaster preparedness has worked, nothing noteworthy should have happened. Proving the absence of an event is often difficult because the factual basis for the absence of an event requires years of observation. Estimates of saved lives, saved properties, and saved monies have been produced, but none can be guaranteed as necessary to convince policymakers of the immediacy of action. The disaster preparedness community can demonstrate the success of drills and provide written plans, but none will accurately demonstrate the emulative effectiveness of these measures. Convincing the policy makers to act on recommendations from the disaster preparedness community is crucial to the success of disaster preparedness. Disaster preparedness is a multi-disciplinary activity, but the most implementation takes place at the local governmental unit. Disaster preparedness occurs on both a horizontal and vertical plane (Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, 2005). Horizontally, it requires the cooperation and integration of public services, healthcare centers, emergency management, academic, and public, not-for-profit, and private enterprises. Vertically, it 23 requires the cooperation of all levels of organizations and all levels of government (Institute, 2005). The permanence of government in the disaster preparedness equation means that the disaster preparedness community needs the policy-making community in order to be effective. Therefore, it is critical for actors in the disaster preparedness community to unite and collaborate to adequately measure disaster preparedness. Once consensus is reached on the measurement, then the findings can be presented to policymakers, who can in turn move it toward an enforceable directive. Thus far, the underlying theories and best practices have been addressed, the metrics available to disaster preparedness practitioners have been discussed, and a discussion of the issues from different aspects of disaster preparedness has been developed. Each of the preceding sections served to form a picture of the current state of disaster preparedness from which stakeholders can move forward.